Individual differences
نویسنده
چکیده
The enduring differences between individuals have been one of psychology’s central concerns over the past 100 years or more. In the last 25 years, evolutionary thinking has begun to make a huge impact on psychological explanation, particularly in social and cognitive psychology. However, the integration of evolutionary thinking into the study of individual differences has been more uneven (for some of the few major reviews, see Buss, 1991; MacDonald, 1995; Buss and Greiling, 1999). Evolutionary psychologists were initially more concerned with explaining central tendencies, and species-typical or sextypical patterns of cognition, than they were with the individual variation. Nonetheless, a wave of recent work on humans and other species, including both theory and empirical study, has shed considerable light on how evolution shapes inter-individual variation. This chapter outlines the key frameworks that we have for explaining distributions of individual differences from an adaptive perspective. The focus is primarily on heritable individual differences, that is, differences underlain by population polymorphisms of particular genes. Individual differences which are temporally stable but non-heritable are considered briefly in Section 32.4.
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